Abstract
Enniatins are common contaminants of food and feed and belong to the group of the “emerging” mycotoxins, which are produced by various Fusarium species. Although a wide range of toxic effects, like antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and cytotoxic properties, have been described in vitro, so far, no cases of mycotoxicosis connected to enniatins in vivo are reported. Among this group of mycotoxins, enniatin B and enniatin B1 are the most prevalent compounds and therefore are present in the human diet. Enniatins can reach systemic circulation, thus, the investigation of possible neurotoxic effects is of importance. Different cerebral cells were used to address effects on cell death having an impact on the blood-brain barrier. The influence of enniatin B and enniatin B1 on cellular viability was examined via Cell Counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8) in three different cell types of the blood-brain barrier: porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and human astrocytoma cells (CCF-STTG1). CCF-STTG1 cells were more sensitive to enniatin B (IC50 = 8.9 μM) and enniatin B1 (IC50 = 4.4 μM) than both endothelial cell types. In CCF-STTG1 cells, caspase-3 activation and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were evaluated. Both compounds did not induce any LDH release and only enniatin B increased caspase-3 activity as a marker for apoptosis. The transport kinetics of enniatin B and enniatin B1 across the blood-brain barrier in vitro were evaluated using PBCEC, cultivated on Transwell® filter inserts. Analysis of the apical and the basolateral compartment by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed high influx rates for enniatin B and enniatin B1. Thus, both compounds can reach the brain parenchyma where neurotoxic effects cannot be ruled out.
Highlights
Filamentous fungi can produce a broad range of toxic secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins
Transport of enniatin B and enniatin B1 across the blood-brain barrier with distribution to the brain parenchyma [14].Our study aims to add more insights to the kinetics of the transfer of ENNs with a longer exposure time (48 h) and eight sampling times over the course of the experiment
The Cell Counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8) assay is based on the reduction of a water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8 (WST-8) dye by cellular dehydrogenases of viable cells to the corresponding formazan which is directly proportional to the number of metabolically active cells
Summary
Filamentous fungi can produce a broad range of (often) toxic secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins. Already at concentrations in the lower micromolar range these mycotoxins, can pose a potential health risk to humans and animals [1]. One group of mycotoxins which has drawn more and more attention over the last few years, is summarized as “emerging” mycotoxins. When talking about “emerging” mycotoxins, this relates mainly to secondary fungal metabolites produced by various Fusarium species, like beauvericin (BEA), moniliformin (MON), fusaproliferin (FUS) and enniatins (ENNs) [1, 2]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
