Transport and emissions of gaseous air pollutants in a high-traffic urban street canyon

Abstract

Urban air quality directly determines urban quality of life. To improve it, we need to know about local emissions, chemical transformations, and transport processes of the energy-containing vortices in the air. The combination of high-resolution ultrasonic anemometers and state-of-the-art vortex-resolving Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique is a powerful key tool enabling this understanding. Here, we investigated the dynamics and transport of air with particular focus on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a highest-traffic street canyon with eight driving lanes in the urban setting of the city of Munich, Germany. Using spatially distributed observations and results from flow-resolving simulations, temporally and spatially resolved patterns and trends of airflow and pollutant concentrations are presented. The airflow conditions in the wide (approx. 80m) urban street canyon are largely decoupled from the synoptic flow over the city. The street is mostly characterized by a channeled, northerly current and weak wind speeds and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) during the day, independent of prevailing synoptic forcing conditions. At night, the channeled current shifts to southern flow and reverses back to northerly winds in the early morning transition. One exception to this rule are infrequent synoptic easterly flows perpendicular to the street canyon orientation, which lead to a deflection of the flow by the building fronts and a flow reversal to westerly flows at the street level. In this case, TKE is strongly enhanced, and pollutant concentrations are low due to enhanced mixing and inflow of less polluted above-city air. Emission coefficients from the Handbook for Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) have been used in combination with traffic demand data from loop detectors to compute the respective NO2 emissions. These emissions show daily peaks in the morning and afternoon hours, and a significant differentiation between weekday, Saturday, and Sundays with less traffic. The individual lanes also differentiate in amount of emission. Linking the results from the point turbulence and NO2 measurements with the LES approach helps to understand the turbulent air transport and NO2 in parts of the street canyon where no observations exist. The first results from an LES run in a twofold nested domain with a spatial resolution of Δx,y,z = 1m for the street canyon and buildings show promising similarities in airflow patterns and dynamics compared to the observations and are currently undergoing further validation. This study is financed by the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection.