Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has become a popular technique for biomedical diagnosis. However, current systems are overly complex or use bulky piezoelectric materials, necessitating options other than these methods for future PAI systems. In this study, a wearable transparent ultrasonic transducer was developed and applied in a PAI system with excellent performance. The acoustic sensor was fabricated with a sandwich structure consisting of 150 nm thick amorphous indium tin oxide on both sides of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$110~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> commercial polyvinylidene fluoride film. This single-element sensor exhibited the performance of a 6.7 MHz center frequency, an 86.3% −3 dB fractional bandwidth, and a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20\times20\,\,\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 36 mm<sup>3</sup> volumetric imaging field. Modified imaging phantoms were made to evaluate the lateral resolution, imaging depth, ability to make a convex photoacoustic image, quality of 3D imaging, and capability to perform PAI directly in the ambient environment with a customized phantom. In summary, the study has demonstrated the sensor’s potential for large-field PAI application in wearable health devices at a low cost.
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