Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.
Highlights
Transparent conductive materials have been extensively used as essential components of optoelectronic devices, such as liquid crystal displays, touch panels, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and solar cells
An important advantage of this approach is that PEDOT:PSS acts as an effective dopant for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene film, which exhibits a sheet resistance of 80 ± 4 Ω·sq−1 with excellent stability in air
Graphene has attracted special attention due to its superior electrical conductivity and optical transmission when compared to other transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) materials
Summary
Transparent conductive materials have been extensively used as essential components of optoelectronic devices, such as liquid crystal displays, touch panels, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and solar cells. There have been various attempts to directly grow graphene on a glass substrate [36,37,38,80] It was reported by Sun et al that large-area and uniform graphene film could be directly grown on glass substrate using catalyst-free atmospheric CVD (APCVD), with the resulting material presenting a sheet resistance of 370–510 Ω·sq−1 at a transmittance of 82% [36,38]. The development of the “transfer-free” method is crucial for promoting the application of graphene, the transfer process will still play an important role in the production of graphene devices before the “transfer-free” method becomes mature
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