Abstract
White-lipped island pit viper ( Cryptelytrops insularis ) is one of the most distributed Viperidae in Indonesia, especially in eastern part of Sundaland and Lesser Sunda. To investigate the evolutionary history and the dispersal pattern of C. insularis, we collected 23 samples from 11 localities. Four simultaneous genes composing two mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA & ND4) and two nuclear genes (7IβFIB & 3ITBP) have been successfully amplified and sequenced. Bayesian inference was performed to reconstruct the phylogeny tree. Furthermore, time divergence and the population demography analyses were estimated. The phylogeny tree of C. insularis exhibits monophyletic group, with four geographically structured lineages. The time divergence estimation indicated that C. insularis evolved at approximately 7 million years ago (mya). Population demography was inferred by Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis, it shows that the population increased constantly from the past to recent time. The evolutionary history of C. insularis can be explained by a pattern of the time divergences estimation that indicating movement from West (Java) to East (Lesser Sunda). We expected that the dispersal factor of C. insularis into many different islands (in Lesser Sunda) is caused by the animal helped and also oceanic rafting which could be the stepping stones to another island.
Highlights
INTRODUCTION* Indonesia was one of some biggest hotspot biodiversity in the world, especially the Sundaland and Wallacea area [1]
To determine the phylogeny of 22 individuals in Cryptelytrops insularis, Bayesian inference tree was constructed based on 3575 base pairs sequences from 4 simultaneous genes (16S rRNA, ND4, 7IβFIB, and 3ITBP)
Clade B consisted of C. insularis from East Java, Clade C are composed of samples from Bali Island, and Clade E consisted of samples from East Java
Summary
INTRODUCTION* Indonesia was one of some biggest hotspot biodiversity in the world, especially the Sundaland and Wallacea area [1]. The Sundaland area including Sumatra, Java, and Borneo was in a changing phase, and the unity of Sulawesi and the appearance of Lesser Sunda were formed due to the collisions of Philipines and Australian plates [4]. These periods were suggested to affect recent animal compositions [3]. Based on the Reptile Database this species has type locality from Timor Island [8] This species was well-distributed in Java, Bali (Sundaland) and Lesser Sunda, but between Sundaland and Leser Sunda are never been connected. Cryptelytrops insularis dispersal pattern (Priambodo et al) using more genes and more samples we have aimed to evaluate the phylogeny and biogeography of white-lipped island pit viper, and to estimate their dispersal patterns
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