Abstract
By integrating distributed energy resources (DER, mostly renewable energy sources) in the depth of the distribution network transmission system operators (TSOs), planning and control of transmission systems has been greatly hindered due to the lack of knowledge about the circumstances at the transmission and distribution network’s interface and the lack of coordination with the distribution system operator (DSO). By adopting the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485 (System Operational Guideline—SOGL) establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation, harmonized rules on system operation for TSOs, DSOs and significant grid users (SGUs) are set out, inter alia, in order to provide a clear legal framework for the exchange of necessary data and information between the aforementioned subjects. In this paper, the methodology of DER representation at the interface of the transmission and distributed system is presented, with the indicated interactive data exchange between TSO and DSO, for running and analyzing the operation of the entire power system (PS) in real and extended real time. The proposed methodology was tested on a real model of the Croatian transmission PS and with representative DER in the depth of the distribution network.
Highlights
The connection of distributed energy resources changes the existing conception of the traditional distribution network as a passive network with a direct energy flow from the transmission network to the end users
The existing voltage regulation in the traditional distribution network is completely determined by the direct energy flow and is subordinated exclusively to reducing the voltage drop from the transmission network to the end user in the low-voltage network, while frequency control is the responsibility of the transmission system operator
This paper presents a method of aggregating multiple DERs based on transmission system operators (TSOs)-distribution system operator (DSO) data exchange, which is in accordance with the provisions provided in [4]
Summary
The connection of distributed energy resources changes the existing conception of the traditional distribution network as a passive network with a direct energy flow from the transmission network to the end users. A curtailment service provider (CSP), virtual power plants (VPP) [8] and an aggregator are subjects that can provide reliable solutions for consumption and production resource management because they can be consolidated and presented as a single subject on electricity markets. The listed advantages and capabilities of the aggregator are positive from the standpoint of the electricity market, but considered from a technical standpoint, it is necessary to model the aggregated distributed energy resources mathematically for TSO purposes in order to enable them to operate the transmission system more reliably. The main contribution of the paper is that the proposed algorithm for DER aggregation must use TSO-DSO data exchange in different time levels and such aggregated resource on TSO-DSO interface assists TSO in transmission power system protection and control operation activities and analysis without getting into depth of distribution power system. TSO-DSO data exchange structure is elaborated in Section 3.1 and followed by Section 3.2. that links exchanged data and mathematical modeling of DER
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