Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent a major public health concern in Indonesia. Although circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE is a predominant subtype in Indonesia, HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) is also widely prevalent. However, the viral genetic evolution, spatial origins, and patterns of transmission of HIV-1B in Indonesia remain unclear. In the present study, we described the evolutionary characteristics and spatial-temporal transmission networks of HIV-1B in Indonesia. To elucidate the epidemiological link between HIV-1B epidemics in Indonesia and those in the remainder of the world, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1B strains in Indonesia. Based on the results obtained, at least three epidemic clades [the Indonesia, United States (US), and China clades] of HIV-1B were found to be prevalent in Indonesia. In order to identify the potential source and transmission route of Indonesian HIV-1B strains, we performed Bayesian analyses and constructed Maximum clade credibility trees of each clade. Although some HIV-1B strains in Indonesia were introduced from Thailand, the prevalent HIV-1B strains appeared to have been directly introduced from Europe or America. Indonesian HIV-1B may have spread via the main dispersal of pandemic HIV-1B strains via the US from the Caribbean region rather than being directly introduced from Africa.
Highlights
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent a major public health concern in Indonesia
HIV-1 subtyping was performed on the gag, pol, and env genes using the Recombination Identification Program (RIP) available on the LANL database in our previous studies[7,8,9,10,11,12], and recombinant viruses containing HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) gene fragments were not included in the present study
CRF01_AE is a major circulating recombinant form (CRF) circulating in South-East Asian countries including Indonesia and Thailand[3]
Summary
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent a major public health concern in Indonesia. The number of new HIV infections each year has been decreasing in Indonesia, it still remains high, with approximately 49,000 (43,000–57,000) being reported in 20171. HIV-1B is the most prevalent subtype in some countries in Asia, such as Japan, the Philippines, and Myanmar[2,3]. Previous studies reported that HIV-1B was the second most prevalent subtype in other Asian countries, such as Malaysia, China, and Singapore[3,4,5,6]. Information on HIV-1B dynamics in Asia remains limited. Indonesia is the most epidemic country for HIV in South-East Asia and may largely contribute to the spread of HIV-1 in Asia;[1] the viral genetic evolution, spatial origins, and patterns of transmission of HIV-1B in Indonesia remain unclear. We described the evolutionary characteristics and spatial-temporal transmission networks of HIV-1B in Indonesia
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