Abstract
In all kingdoms of life, proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in a process referred to as translation. The amplitude of translational regulation exceeds the sum of transcription, mRNA degradation and protein degradation. Therefore, it is essential to investigate translation in a global scale. Like the other “omics”-methods, translatomics investigates the totality of the components in the translation process, including but not limited to translating mRNAs, ribosomes, tRNAs, regulatory RNAs and nascent polypeptide chains. Technical advances in recent years have brought breakthroughs in the investigation of these components at global scale, both for their composition and dynamics. These methods have been applied in a rapidly increasing number of studies to reveal multifaceted aspects of translation control. The process of translation is not restricted to the conversion of mRNA coding sequences into polypeptide chains, it also controls the composition of the proteome in a delicate and responsive way. Therefore, translatomics has extended its unique and innovative power to many fields including proteomics, cancer research, bacterial stress response, biological rhythmicity and plant biology. Rational design in translation can enhance recombinant protein production for thousands of times. This brief review summarizes the main state-of-the-art methods of translatomics, highlights recent discoveries made in this field and introduces applications of translatomics on basic biological and biomedical research.
Highlights
Proteins execute all kinds of biological functions in life; they are under delicate control
Short open reading frames (ORFs), fast-translating genes and the low-abundance mRNAs tend to be enriched in the monosome fraction [6]. These results proved the translational activity is not proportional to the number of ribosomes bounded on the mRNA
Different high-throughput sequencing methods based on ligation of 5 -monophosphate such as genome-wide mapping of uncapped and cleaved transcripts (GMUCT), parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE), 5 -monophosphorylated ends sequencing (5Pseq) and degradome sequencing and so forth have been developed to study the degradation of mRNAs [62,63,64,65]
Summary
Proteins execute all kinds of biological functions in life; they are under delicate control. According to the central dogma, of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA, via mRNA to proteins, the generation of the entire proteome consists of four major regulatory steps: RNA synthesis (including epigenetic and transcriptional regulation), RNA degradation, protein synthesis (i.e., translational regulation) and protein degradation. Translational regulation is the most important regulatory step in organisms. Translatomics received little attention for some time. Both nucleic acids and proteins are involved in translational regulation, increasing the complexity and diversity of biological macromolecules involved in the translation process. The lack of studies on translatomics indicates substantial gaps in the understanding of the most important regulatory step in the flow of genetic information. Continuous development has been made in the field of translational regulation, allowing us to study the features of translation in comprehensive approaches. We will give a brief introduction to the state-of-the-art methods of translatomics to interrogate the multifaceted translational control and the significance and application of translatomics
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