Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells in tissue repair and regeneration due to their featured properties of self-renewal and multipotency. However, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that MSCs exert biological functions mainly through secreting exosomes. Exosomes, which contain RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, are new players in regulating many fundamental processes and play important roles in regenerative medicine. Exosomes not only mimic the effects of their parent cells but also possess many advantages such as high drug loading capacity, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and low side effects. Currently, a total of 6 different dental stem cells (DSCs) including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) have been isolated and identified. DSC-derived exosomes (DSC-Exos) are actively involved in intercellular communication, anti-inflammation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, nurturing neurons, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In this review, we will critically review the emerging role and clinical application potential of DSC-Exos.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can be isolated from different tissues including but not limited to, bone marrow (Friedenstein et al, 1966), adipose tissue (Gruber et al, 2010), placenta (In ’t Anker et al, 2004), umbilical cord (Secco et al, 2008), hair follicle (Bajpai, Mistriotis, and Andreadis 2012), palatine tonsil (Ryu et al, 2012), amniotic fluid (In ’t Anker et al, 2003), fetal blood and liver (Campagnoli et al, 2001)
We critically focus on the potential value of exosomes derived from dental stem cells (DSC-Exos) for treating oral and systemic diseases
Compared to exosomes isolated from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured undergrowth state, DPSC-Exos obtained under odontogenic conditions exhibited better performance for trigging odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activating the TGF-β1/smads signaling pathway (Huang et al, 2016; Hu et al, 2019)
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising seed cells in tissue repair and regeneration due to their featured properties of self-renewal and multipotency. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that MSCs exert biological functions mainly through secreting exosomes. Exosomes, which contain RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, are new players in regulating many fundamental processes and play important roles in regenerative medicine. Exosomes mimic the effects of their parent cells and possess many advantages such as high drug loading capacity, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and low side effects. DSC-derived exosomes (DSC-Exos) are actively involved in intercellular communication, anti-inflammation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, nurturing neurons, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. We will critically review the emerging role and clinical application potential of DSC-Exos
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