Abstract
Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, such as mono-cistron, 5′ cap structure, and 3′ polyadenylation. To adapt and utilize the eukaryotic translation machinery, plant RNA viruses have evolved a variety of translation strategies such as cap-independent translation, translation recoding on initiation and termination sites, and post-translation processes. This review focuses on advances in cap-independent translation and translation recoding in plant viruses.
Highlights
Plant viruses usually encode several viral proteins essential for the important processes in the viral life cycle, such as replication, translation, movement, and virus packaging.translation of viral proteins totally depends on the host translation machinery, which prefers RNA templates with the same characteristics as cellular mRNA
This review focuses on advances in cap-independent translation and translation recoding in plant viruses
30 cap-independent translation enhancer (30 CITE) was first reported in plant RNA viruses, such as satellite tobacco necrosis virus, and it is located at 30 downstream of the corresponding open reading frame (ORF) [2,104,105]
Summary
Plant viruses usually encode several viral proteins essential for the important processes in the viral life cycle, such as replication, translation, movement, and virus packaging. For DNA viruses, the genomic transcripts have the same characteristics as cellular mRNA since their viral genome enters the nucleus. Translation of the viral RNA for DNA viruses is accomplished using the canonical ribosome scanning model. For RNA viruses, their viral genome does not enter the nucleus and remains the intrinsic characteristic of the virus particle. The genomic RNA of many plant RNA viruses lacks the 50 cap and/or 30 poly(A) as cellular mRNA, which are essential factors ensuring the effective translation of cellular mRNA. Most plant RNA viruses present differences in terms of the 50 end, 30 end, and encoding characteristic from cellular mRNA, they accomplish the expression of viral proteins through many strategies, including the synthesis of subgenomic RNA at the transcriptional level, cap-independent translation, and translation recoding at the translational level [1,2,3].
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