Abstract
BackgroundVisual impairment is an important cause of disability in children. There is a lack of information on rehabilitation needs and low vision support services for children with visual impairment in Nepal. This is a pilot study designed to translate, culturally adapt and pre-test the Dutch version of the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) with visual impairment aged 7–17 years to develop a Nepali version.Questionnaires (PAI-CY versions for 7–12 and 13–17 years) were translated using standardized methods and were culturally adapted by a panel of experts. They were pretested to evaluate comprehensibility and relevance among six children with visual impairment and blindness. Finally, participants completed a questionnaire evaluation form.ResultsThe translation and cultural adaptation process resulted in the adaptation of nine items to make them suitable for Nepali culture. Most children had comprehensibility problems with some specific items because of vocabulary, sentence structure and the composition of items. Most of the children were satisfied with the questionnaires.ConclusionThe study resulted in the development of a Nepali version of the PAI-CY. We worked with a small group of content experts and a small but representative sample of children which allowed us to use rigorous translation procedures to address language and cultural differences. A population based study has been planned to investigate the psychometric properties of these questionnaires.
Highlights
Visual impairment is an important cause of disability in children
An epidemiological study conducted in three ecological regions in Nepal has shown that the prevalence of childhood blindness and visual impairment among children 0 to 14 years of age is 0.067% and 0.10%, respectively [11]
Translation and cultural adaptation During the course of translation, four items were changed from the Dutch version of the PAI-CY to adapt the questionnaires to the Nepali culture
Summary
Visual impairment is an important cause of disability in children. There is a lack of information on rehabilitation needs and low vision support services for children with visual impairment in Nepal. Limitations caused by a visual disability, and the lack of proper low vision services and guidance might prevent children from participating in age appropriate activities. This may have a negative impact on their development and psychosocial wellbeing [15,16,17,18]. For example Kef S found that of adolescents with visual impairment had fewer friends and smaller personal networks compared to their sighted counterparts These factors are known to be an important component of functional social development. Some adolescents with visual impairment, girls in particular, required more support in their psychosocial development
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