Abstract
BackgroundFew empirical studies of research utilisation have been conducted in low and middle income countries. This paper explores how research information, in particular findings from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews, informed policy making and clinical guideline development for the use of magnesium sulphate in the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in South Africa.MethodsA qualitative case-study approach was used to examine the policy process. This included a literature review, a policy document review, a timeline of key events and the collection and analysis of 15 interviews with policy makers and academic clinicians involved in these policy processes and sampled using a purposive approach. The data was analysed thematically and explored theoretically through the literature on agenda setting and the policy making process.ResultsPrior to 1994 there was no national maternal care policy in South Africa. Consequently each tertiary level institution developed its own care guidelines and these recommended a range of approaches to the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The subsequent emergence of new national policies for maternal care, including for the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, was informed by evidence from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews. This outcome was influenced by a number of factors. The change to a democratic government in the mid 1990s, and the health reforms that followed, created opportunities for maternal health care policy development. The new government was open to academic involvement in policy making and recruited academics from local networks into key policy making positions in the National Department of Health. The local academic obstetric network, which placed high value on evidence-based practice, brought these values into the policy process and was also linked strongly to international evidence based medicine networks. Within this context of openness to policy development, local researchers acted as policy entrepreneurs, bringing attention to priority health issues, and to the use of research evidence in addressing these. This resulted in the new national maternity care guidelines being informed by evidence from randomised controlled trials and recommending explicitly the use of magnesium sulphate for the management of eclampsia.ConclusionNetworks of researchers were important not only in using research information to shape policy but also in placing issues on the policy agenda. A policy context which created a window of opportunity for new research-informed policy development was also crucial.
Highlights
Few empirical studies of research utilisation have been conducted in low and middle income countries
Getting maternal health care onto the South African policy making agenda Drawing on Kingdon's framework [42], our findings suggest that maternal health researchers in South African acted as policy entrepreneurs in order to place issues on the government's policy agenda
This study provides an example of the direct use of research evidence in the development of maternal health policies and guidelines
Summary
Few empirical studies of research utilisation have been conducted in low and middle income countries. Davies & Nutley [3] suggest that this shift in approach to decision making has been encouraged by the growth of evidence based medicine Proponents of this approach suggest that decisions at a policy level about resource allocation ought to be made on the basis of "what works"[4,5,6]. In turn they believe that "what works" can be determined on the basis of sound research evidence from the evaluation of health care interventions, that based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) [1,2]. The process of research utilisation in health care policy making has in it itself, become an area of study [9,12] in an attempt to find ways of increasing the uptake of research findings
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