Abstract
Transitions of three-dimensional flow through a symmetric rectangular duct with a suddenly expanded and contracted part are investigated by numerical simulations and bifurcation analyses of the numerical simulation data. The flow is steady and symmetric at low Reynolds numbers, makes a transition to a steady asymmetric flow at a critical Reynolds number owing to a symmetry-breaking pitchfork bifurcation and recovers the symmetry at another critical Reynolds number. Our attention is focussed on the side-wall effect upon the critical Reynolds number for the first pitchfork bifurcation. It is found that the critical Reynolds number is proportional to the inverse of the width of the duct. The three-dimensional flow structure is discussed in comparison with the two-dimensional one.
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