Abstract
Power-to-gas is a promising option for storing interment renewables, nuclear baseload power, and distributed energy and it is a novel concept for the transition to increased renewable content of current fuels with an ultimate goal of transition to a sustainable low-carbon future energy system that interconnects power, transportation sectors and thermal energy demand all together. The aim of this paper is to introduce different Power-to-gas “pathways”, including Power to Hydrogen, Power to Natural Gas End-users, Power to Renewable Content in Petroleum Fuel, Power to Power, Seasonal Energy Storage to Electricity, Power to Zero Emission Transportation, Power to Seasonal Storage for Transportation, Power to Micro grid, Power to Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) to Pipeline (“Methanation”), and Power to Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) to Seasonal Storage. In order to compare the different pathways, the review of key technologies of Power-to-gas systems are studied and the qualitative efficiency and benefits of each pathway is investigated from the technical points of view. Moreover, different Power-to-gas pathways are discussed as an energy policy option that can be implemented to transition towards a lower carbon economy for Ontario’s energy systems.
Highlights
Power-to-gas (P2G) is the process of converting electricity into gaseous hydrogen fuel and one possible way is using the existing natural gas infrastructure for storage and distribution of the hydrogen enriched stream
The operation flexibility is a key advantages of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysers for the utility electricity grid when load should be immediately ramp up or down from the point of the normal operation [69,71], and the potential to provide auxiliary services would increase the technology’s availability factor
The rate of hydrogen production per stack and cell lifetime is amongst the limiting factors for PEM electrolysers [36,70], but they are expected to surpass alkaline technology in the near future
Summary
Power-to-gas (P2G) is the process of converting electricity into gaseous hydrogen fuel and one possible way is using the existing natural gas infrastructure for storage and distribution of the hydrogen enriched stream. This work will detail the applications of P2G and examine the efficiency of each application “pathway”, and discuss how P2G can operate as a transition to future energy systems. This novel concept of the energy storage for future energy systems first emerged in Europe, in Germany [1,2], where companies such as E.ON (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), EnBW (Karlsruhe, Germany) and GDF Suez (Courbevoie, France) are its pioneers [3]. The common aspect of P2G applications or “pathways” is the use of large scale electrolysers allowing for the convergence of utility and natural gas systems.
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