Abstract
This paper elaborates on the potential toxicants detected in inland water, freshwater crustaceans, and tilapia in an island that experienced mining disasters in 1993 and 1996. Specimen samples were collected in six municipalities of the island province in 2019 and presence of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Potential ecological risks analysis followed the Hakanson approach. Canonical correspondence analysis PAST Version 3.22, IBM SPSS 25.0, and Pearson correlation were employed for statistical analysis, and GIS Pro 2.5 for mapping of sampling locations and spatial distribution. Results showed that Mn and Zn concentration was highest in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW), respectively. All metal concentration values exceeded the maximum permissible limit by regulatory international organizations. Elevated concentration of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was detected in both crustaceans and tilapia. The calculated health hazard indices were greater than one, which means potential high adverse effects on public health when ingested. The municipality of Sta. Cruz and Torrijos recorded higher potential ecological risk among the six municipalities. Results of the correlation analysis suggested that metals in SW and GW have a similar origin, mutual dependence, and identical behavior during transport.
Highlights
The province of Marinduque is a small island in the Philippines located at 13.4767◦ N, 121.9032◦ E
Subsections below elaborate on the toxicants detected from freshwater crustaceans (Macrobrachium sp.), tilapia (O. niloticus and C. striata), and surface water (SW) and GW
It further illustrates the spatial distribution of these toxicants and its potential ecological risk as well as its trend
Summary
The province of Marinduque is a small island in the Philippines located at 13.4767◦ N, 121.9032◦ E. It has a land area of 959.25 km , is about 170 km south of Metro Manila, and has six municipalities, namely, Boac (B), Buenavista (BV), Gasan (G), Mogpog (M), Torrijos (T), and Sta. Cruz (S), and 218 barangays. This contributed to the local economy of the island. The activities engaged in open pit mining in the municipality of Boac and Sta. Cruz in the early 1970s started at the portion of Mt. Tapian, Boac ore deposit. When the ore deposits at Mt. Tapian were depleted in late 80s, the mining operation moved to Maguilaguila, Sta. Cruz in 1990
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