Abstract
Transition metals such as iron, copper, zinc, or molybdenum are essential nutrients for plants. These elements are involved in almost every biological process, including photosynthesis, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, or symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, plants often grow in soils with limiting metallic oligonutrient bioavailability. Consequently, to ensure the proper metal levels, plants have developed a complex metal uptake and distribution system, that not only involves the plant itself, but also its associated microorganisms. These microorganisms can simply increase metal solubility in soils and making them more accessible to the host plant, as well as induce the plant metal deficiency response, or directly deliver transition elements to cortical cells. Other, instead of providing metals, can act as metal sinks, such as endosymbiotic rhizobia in legume nodules that requires relatively large amounts to carry out nitrogen fixation. In this review, we propose to do an overview of metal transport mechanisms in the plant–microbe system, emphasizing the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endosymbiotic rhizobia.
Highlights
Iron, copper, zinc, and some other transition metals are essential nutrients for plants (Frausto da Silva and Williams, 2001; Clemens et al, 2002; Morrissey and Guerinot, 2009; Pilon, 2011; Olsen and Palmgren, 2014)
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) genome encodes several different members of the Nramp, Ctr, and ZIP families of metal transporters (Tamayo et al, 2014), some of which could conceivably be involved in metal uptake from the soil, as it happens in other fungi (Dancis et al, 1994; Zhao and Eide, 1996; Cohen et al, 2000)
In the last three decades, we have gained a deep insight on what transporters are involved in root metal uptake and translocation to the shoot
Summary
Copper, zinc, and some other transition metals are essential nutrients for plants (Frausto da Silva and Williams, 2001; Clemens et al, 2002; Morrissey and Guerinot, 2009; Pilon, 2011; Olsen and Palmgren, 2014). This has been clearly shown for copper, where several different proteins have been proposed to mediate metal delivery from the Ctr/COPT transporters to P-type ATPases or to apoproteins (O’Halloran and Culotta, 2000).
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