Abstract
This study used substituted barium hexaferrites, which were previously prepared and reported by the authors, to detect acetaminophen by the modification of a conventional glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which led to promising results. The synthesis of this electrode-modifying material was conducted using a citrate sol gel process. A test synthesis using glycerin and propylene glycol revealed that glycerin produced a better result, while less positive anodic potential values were associated with the electrooxidation of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (NAP). Excellent electroactivity was exhibited by the cobalt-substituted barium-hexaferrite-nanomaterial-modified electrode. A good linear relationship between the concentration and the current response of acetaminophen (paracetamol) was obtained with a detection limit of (0.255 ± 0.005) µM for the Ba1.0Co1.22Fe11.41O18.11 GCE, (0.577 ± 0.007) µM for the Ba1.14Cu0.82Fe11.65O18.02 GCE, and (0.595 ± 0.008) µM for the bare GCE. The levels of NAP in a real sample of urine were quantitatively analyzed using the proposed method, with recovery ranges from 96.6% to 101.0% and 93.9% to 98.4% for the modified electrode with Cobalt-substituted barium hexaferrites (CoFM) and Copper-substituted barium hexaferrites (CuFM), respectively. These results confirm the high electrochemical activity of Ba1.0Co1.22Fe11.41O18.11 nanoparticles and thus their potential for use in the development of sensing devices for substances of pharmaceutical interest, such as acetaminophen (NAP).
Highlights
N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (NAP) is used in the manufacture of tinctures and photography and as an analgesic and febrifuge; it is incorporated into the environment via multiple routes
The cobaltand copper-substituted barium hexaferrite nanomaterials were used to modify the surfaces of glassy carbon electrode (GCE)
NAP oxidation was indicated by the electroactivity of the nano-CoFM GCE and the CuFM GCE
Summary
N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (NAP) (i.e., acetaminophen) is used in the manufacture of tinctures and photography and as an analgesic and febrifuge; it is incorporated into the environment via multiple routes. Occupational exposure can occur via inhalation or dermal absorption at sites of manufacturing or use, its main source of exposure results from its widespread use as an analgesic. Electroanalytical methods have been used in the field of drug analysis, and in recent decades a variety of nanomaterials have been used to modify the surface of the electrodes to efficiently determine electroactive species of interest and improve the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors [12,13]. Chemically modified electrodes are a developed area in which they are widely recognized for their superior properties of selectivity, sensitivity, and in situ performance
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