Abstract
Background: Children are especially sensitive to a broad range of influences and show a remarkable capacity for learning. One prominent example is declarative memory, which may be influenced by a variety of factors and is impaired in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Exercise and sleep, or both combined, might foster declarative memory. Methods: Here, 12 typically developing children (TDC) and 12 age-matched children with ADHD participated in an exercise and rest condition before a night in the sleep laboratory. Declarative memory was encoded before exercise or rest and retrieved before and after a night of sleep. Results: Exercise in TDC but rest in ADHD lead to a transient destabilization of declarative memory, while there were no more differences after a night of sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency was prolonged after exercise in both groups. Conclusions: Exercise leads to opposing effects on immediate declarative memory formation. The factors or contexts that promote or hinder declarative memory formation in children ADHD and TDC differ, and further work is needed to determine the recommendations for declarative learning in children with ADHD.
Highlights
The formation and long-term storage of declarative memories comprises various processes and may be influenced by multiple antagonistically or synergistically interrelated factors [1]
We investigated the impact of daytime physical exercise on declarative memory evolution with the encoding of information before a session of exercise or rest while listening to an audio drama, and followed by a period of wake, with retrieval before and after a night of sleep in typically developing children (TDC) and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Paired t-tests revealed that Rapid eye movement (REM) latency—corresponding to the duration of the first sleep cycle—was profoundly prolonged in the exercise condition both in ADHD individuals and in the controls
Summary
The formation and long-term storage of declarative memories comprises various processes and may be influenced by multiple antagonistically or synergistically interrelated factors [1]. Once consolidated and stable and less susceptible to interference or forgetting, this memory trace will be ready for retrieval for many months or even years [4,5]. Among various conditions, both sleep and exercise can support declarative memory consolidation [6]. Declarative memory was encoded before exercise or rest and retrieved before and after a night of sleep. Results: Exercise in TDC but rest in ADHD lead to a transient destabilization of declarative memory, while there were no more differences after a night of sleep. The factors or contexts that promote or hinder declarative memory formation in children ADHD and TDC differ, and further work is needed to determine the recommendations for declarative learning in children with ADHD
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