Abstract
Efficient transfer of liquid hydrogen is critical for a myriad of processes in terrestrial and extraterrestrial applications. The objective of this study is to model and quantify the amount of liquid parahydrogen vaporized during a discharging/charging process in a cryogenic storage system. The effects that are included include geometrical effects (storage tank volume), two-phase compressible flow, choking/unchoking, and wall-fluid heat transfer. A brief description of other physical boil-off mechanisms is also presented. This study provides a foundation for applicationspecific optimization. The storage system studied comprises two interconnected tanks whose transfer line has a variation in the flow area. This simulates current liquid-hydrogen storage and transportation systems. The model tracks the temperature- and pressure-time histories of liquid hydrogen as it flows between storage tanks, in both the choked and unchoked flow regimes. The transfer of liquid is induced solely by the pressure differential that exists between the two storage tanks. An iterative technique helps account for choking, which is likely to exist at the throat in two-phase flow. Cases of zero and infinite tank-wall thermal mass are also discussed. By analyzing the behavior of fundamental variables during the transient transfer of liquid hydrogen, boil-off losses may be minimized if the variables with the greatest effect on boil-off losses are controlled.
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