Abstract
BackgroundDuring adolescence, bullying often has a sexual content. Involvement in bullying as a bully, victim or both has been associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Transgender youth appear to face elevated rates of bullying in comparison to their mainstream peers. However, the involvement of transgender youth as perpetrators of bullying remains unclear in the recent literature.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare involvement in bullying between transgender and mainstream youth and among middle and late adolescents in a general population sample.MethodsOur study included 139,829 students in total, divided between a comprehensive school and an upper secondary education sample. Associations between gender identity and involvement in bullying were first studied using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics. Logistic regression was used to study multivariate associations. Gender identity was used as the independent variable, with cisgender as the reference category. Subjection to and perpetration of bullying were entered each in turn as the dependent variable. Demographic factors, family characteristics, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and involvement in bullying in the other role were added as confounding factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are given. The limit for statistical significance was set at p < 0.001.ResultsBoth experiences of being bullied and perpetrating bullying were more commonly reported by transgender youth than by cisgender youth. Among transgender youth, all involvement in bullying was more commonly reported by non-binary youth than those identifying with the opposite sex. Logistic regression revealed that non-binary identity was most strongly associated with involvement in bullying, followed by opposite sex identity and cisgender identity. Transgender identities were also more strongly associated with perpetration of bullying than subjection to bullying.ConclusionTransgender identity, especially non-binary identity, is associated with both being bullied and perpetrating bullying even when a range of variables including internal stress and involvement in bullying in the opposite role are taken into account. This suggests that bullying during adolescence may serve as a mechanism of maintaining heteronormativity.
Highlights
Gender identity refers to an individual’s innate sense of being male, female or an alternative gender (Bockting, 1999)
Reported prevalence of bullying others was higher in the comprehensive school sample (2.5% vs. 1.3%) (Table 1)
Bullying others was most commonly reported by non-binary students, followed in both samples by opposite sex identifying and cisgender students (Table 2)
Summary
Gender identity refers to an individual’s innate sense of being male, female or an alternative gender (Bockting, 1999). While various gender identities exist, the vast majority of individuals present with cisgender identity, meaning that their gender identity is aligned with their birth-assigned sex. Gender minorities are individuals whose gender identity differs to various degrees from their birth-assigned sex. We refer to all gender minorities as transgender. This encompasses those who identify with the opposite sex and those whose gender identity aligns with both or neither sex or varies (non-binary or gender nonconforming gender identity). Transgender youth appear to face elevated rates of bullying in comparison to their mainstream peers. The involvement of transgender youth as perpetrators of bullying remains unclear in the recent literature
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