Abstract
Although uncommon, acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are serious life-threatening complications that may occur during the routine treatment of children with hematological malignancies. ALI may be the results of both the treatment of the malignancy or an adverse event related to supportive care, especially transfusion. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality worldwide and has been described in a number of children with hematological malignancies. The following chapter introduces ALI/ARDS, describes clinical TRALI and its pathogenesis, and outlines other causes of ALI in this patient population that must be excluded. Mitigation strategies to avoid TRALI are also included.
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