Transforming growth factor B and hepatic fibrosis: Cause or effect?

Abstract

Background. Cirrhosis is a diffuse process of hepatic fibrosis and regenerative nodule formation of unknown pathogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 induces the production of extracellular matrix proteins by liver cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis in laboratory animals. TGFα is a hepatocyte mitogen that participates in liver regeneration. Methods. Using Northern blot analysis, we studied the expression of TGFβ1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in liver specimens from 42 patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and 12 subjects with either normal or fatty livers. The results were correlated with measurements of procollagen Type I mRNA in liver tissue, procollagen Type III peptide in serum, and the degree of histologic injury. We also investigated whether TGFα mRNA would be detectable in biopsy specimens of livers with proliferative activity. Results. TGFβ1 mRNA expression correlated closely with the expression of procollagen Type I mRNA (r = 0.94) and serum procollagen Type III peptide (r = 0.89) and with the histologic activity index (r = 0.73). All patients with increased fibrogenic activity (serum procollagen Type III peptide level, > 11.9 μg per liter) had increased levels of TGFβ1 mRNA (2 to 14 times the levels in the control group or in patients with normal fibrogenic activity), and both TGFα and H3 histone (a marker of DNA synthesis) mRNAs were detectable in patients with regenerative nodules. Six of eight patients with hepatitis C treated with interferon alfa for one year had sustained clinical responses with normalization of serum procollagen Type III peptide and aminotransferase activity. All these patients had normal levels of TGFβ1 mRNA in liver specimens obtained at the end of the year. Conclusions. TGFβ1 may have an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease, and TGFα expression may be associated with liver regeneration in these patients.