Abstract
High penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage (ES) applications, and electric vehicle (EV) charging may significantly affect the operational limits of substation power transformers. In high penetrations, these applications can flatten a transformer's daily load profile, which minimizes cooling of the unit's insulation. These applications rely upon power electronics, which can increase system harmonics and thereby transformer aging. Although the initial impact of PV and ES applications may reduce a unit's peak energy demand, longterm system planning and emergency conditions may require operation near or above the nameplate rating. Previous research has identified that a flattened load profile caused by PV, EV charging, and ES application will increase internal temperatures and thereby a unit's aging. This manuscript focuses on identifying future transformer design requirements and procedures for establishing new capacity limits for existing units to prevent significant aging and/or damage. The analysis utilizes the transformer aging methods identified in IEEE Std. C57.91 and C57.110 to evaluate the capacity limits and design corrections to a 50 MVA SPX Waukesha transformer.
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