Abstract
We describe the use of TAML/peroxide to reduce micropollutants (MPs) in Tucson, AZ, secondary municipal wastewater. The laboratory studies establish simple-to-apply MP abatements rivaling ozone in technical performance. The approach rests on the latest-generation TAML catalyst, 2, currently the highest-technical performance H2O2 activator across both chemistry and biology. Thirty-eight MPs were examined with five 2/H2O2 treatments (50 nM 2 with 22.4 ppm H2O2, 100 nM 2 with 11.2 ppm H2O2, 100 nM 2 with 22.4 ppm H2O2, 200 nM 2 with 11.2 ppm H2O2, and 200 nM 2 with 22.4 ppm H2O2) and four ozone treatments (2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm). Satisfactory analytical data were returned for 25 MPs that were monitored kinetically (LC-MS/MS) from 6 min to 6 h. For all 2/H2O2 conditions, decreases in MP concentration had either ceased at 30 min or showed marginal improvements at 1 h remaining constant to 6 h. The highest-performance 2/H2O2 system (200 nM 2 with 22.4 ppm H2O2) outperformed 2 ppm ozone virtually across the board, delivering micropollutant percent reductions (MPPRs) of 26–98% corresponding to performance advantage ratios over 2 ppm ozone of ∼0.9–8. These data indicate that 2 (1 kg at 70 nM) and H2O2 (53.55 kg at 11.2 ppm) would treat the daily wastewater output of 150,000 Europeans [150 L day–1 (population equivalent)−1, 22,500 tons total] in a manner comparable to that of a common ozone administration of 3 ppm, establishing a new approach worthy of further optimization for municipal wastewater MP treatment.
Highlights
The pollution of water by micropollutants (MPs) that exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life at low concentrations (≤2 ppb)[1−3] is a global sustainability problem.[4]
The past 150 years have seen a massive expansion in both synthetic chemicals[5] and chemically based economic activity that has resulted in worldwide contamination of water bodies by MPs of both synthetic and natural origins.[4,6−11] Conventional wastewater treatment methods are insufficiently effective in removing MPs to protect aquatic life.[7,12]
All ozone micropollutant percent reductions (MPPRs) were measured after exposure for 24 h rather than sooner to achieve a high likelihood that all ozone MP degradation processes were complete
Summary
The pollution of water by micropollutants (MPs) that exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life at low concentrations (≤2 ppb)[1−3] is a global sustainability problem.[4]. TAML catalysts[19−21] (Figure 1) are bioinspired, miniaturized replicas (typically
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