Abstract
Advancements in Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment have greatly changed the way oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is treated. This paper examines the crucial advancements and their consequences for clinical practice. Initially, the implementation of ICIs, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, has significantly enhanced the rates of survival in cases with recurrent and metastatic OPSCC. Furthermore, the discovery of biomarkers for prognosis such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) type and expression of programmed death ligand (PD-L1) has facilitated the development of more individualized and efficacious treatment approaches. Furthermore, the utilization of combination therapies that incorporate ICIs alongside conventional treatment methods like as radiation and chemotherapy has exhibited synergistic outcomes, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of the treatment. Furthermore, current clinical trials are exploring innovative combinations of ICIs and treatment sequences in order to enhance patient outcomes. Finally, progress in comprehending the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion mechanisms is influencing the creation of advanced ICIs and innovative treatment targets. These groundbreaking achievements not only provide exciting opportunities for enhancing patient survival and quality of life but also emphasize the necessity for ongoing research and innovation in the sector.
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