Transformation of the political elite of Kyrgyzstan (1991-2024): Dynamics and analysis

Abstract

Relevance. This study is relevant as it analyzes the complex transformation of Kyrgyzstan's political elite since independence, examining critical issues like the impact of revolutions, persistence of clan systems, and challenges to democratization. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to analyse the dynamics and transformation of the political elite of Kyrgyzstan since independence to identify the main trends and factors determining its evolution. Methodology. The research uses mixed methods, including legislative analysis, statistical data review, and content analysis of political speeches. Results. The results revealed that the political elite of Kyrgyzstan as a phenomenon still remains a clan-based, elite-patronage system with elements of corruption and requires a rethink of ineffective behavioural practices that have acquired a cyclical character, undermining the effectiveness of a series of revolutions that have occurred. It was highlighted that the increased number of revolutionary events in the country indicates both the strengthening of national identity and the desire to set the country on the path of democratic development, and the difficulties in forming a new political elite due to various factors. A comparative analysis of events in other Central Asian countries demonstrates similar trends in the establishment of political elites and obstacles in the establishment of democracy. Conclusions. The study concludes that the political elite remains largely based on patronage networks despite regime changes. Revolutionary events have not led to sustainable democratic reforms. Gender representation has improved but falls short of goals. Press freedom faces increasing restrictions. The research suggests that achieving stable democratic governance requires addressing clan politics, corruption, and weak institutions. It emphasizes the need for transparent, merit-based systems in political recruitment. The study highlights the ongoing tension between democratic aspirations and authoritarian practices in Kyrgyzstan's political landscape. Keywords: hybridity; cyclicality; solidarity; security; clan elite selection system; elite patronage system