Transformation of copper oxychloride fungicide into copper oxalate by tolerant fungi and the effect of nitrogen source on tolerance.

Abstract

Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum were able to grow on Czapek Dox medium amended with elevated concentrations [up to 500 ppm active ingredient (ai)] of the fungicide copper oxychloride. Solubilization of the fungicide in solid medium was evident by the appearance of a clear (halo) zone underneath and around the growing colonies. The halo formed with A. niger, grown on fungicide-containing nitrate nitrogen medium, was found subsequently to enclose concentric rings of newly crystalline precipitate. These crystals were extracted, examined by scanning electron microscopy and IR, and identified as copper oxalate. The supplemented nitrogen source to the medium greatly affected both fungicide solubilization and fungal tolerance. Ratios of fungicide solubilization rate (R(S)) in relation to the colony growth rate (R(G)) were significantly higher on ammonium than on nitrate nitrogen medium for both fungal strains. Growth ratios (the colony extension rate in the presence of a given concentration of the fungicide in relation to the control colony growth rate) of A. niger were markedly lower on ammonium than on nitrate nitrogen medium. The cellular copper contents, taken up from the fungicide, and the medium titratable acidity were higher in ammonium than in nitrate medium for both fungi. These results suggested fungal possession of variable tolerance mechanisms to this fungicide by complexation and/or precipitation of copper in the medium. Additionally, this work emphasizes the activity of fungi in transformation of insoluble inorganic metal-containing fungicides into insoluble organic metal compounds, which has a potentiality in metal cycling in biogeochemical and environmental context.