Abstract
In 1983, high mortality and deformity rates were found for waterbirds at the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the San Joaquin Valley (Figure 1, index map). The cause of these phenomena was found to be high selenium concentrations in the drainwater from recently reclaimed farmland that feeds the refuge (Ohlendorf et al. 1986). The source of the selenium was weathering of marine shale on the west side of the valley (Presser and Barnes 1984). In response to concerns about similar irrigation-induced problems in other parts of the western United States, the US Department of the Interior began the National Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP) in 1986.
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