Transfer of symbiotic luminous bacteria from parental Leiognathus nuchalis to their offspring

Abstract

Juveniles of Leiognathus nuchalis were raised from fertilized eggs for up to 60 d and examined for luminescence activity. Almost all juveniles raised separately from adults failed to produce detectable light. In contrast, a significant percentage (33 to 100%) of the juveniles became luminescent in less than 48 h when they were either kept with adults or inoculated with a homogenate of the adult light organs. The luminescence tended to increase with time after the treatments. These findings suggest that: (1) most of L. nuchalis offspring typically hatch and develop apo-symbiotically and (2) at least 45 d after hatching, juveniles can be infected with symbiotic luminous bacteria from the light organ of adult fish, and thereby gain the ability to produce light.