Abstract
A heterogeneous catalyst has been derived from a waste material of fresh water bivalve mollusk (i.e., Margaritifera falcata outer shell) for the transesterification of palm oil. The shell was washed, crushed, ground, and calcined at 850 °C to derive active CaO catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric (DT/TG) analysis. The DT/TG analysis showed the decomposition of calcium carbonate present in the shell at 780 °C. The XRD peaks for calcined shell were observed at 2θ = 32.22°, 53.53°, and 64.03° characteristics of CaO and showed high crystallinity. The textural structure of shell can be observed from the SEM images indicated that the structure of shell changed with calcination temperature. The FTIR absorption bands of the calcined shell were observed at 1471, 1090, and 874 cm–1, which are attributed...
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