Abstract
AbstractSkin offers an easily accessible site for drug administration as well as for health signal monitoring, with non‐invasiveness or minimal‐invasiveness, convenience, and good patient compliance. Transdermal theranostics promises for personalized, home‐based, and long‐term management of chronic diseases, and is expected to change the landscape of healthcare profoundly. In this article, we review the recent advances in transdermal drug delivery, diagnosis based on sweat and skin interstitial fluid, and wearable devices. The advantages, limitations, and commercialization of these emerging techniques are comparatively discussed.
Highlights
Human skin, the largest organ, accounts for ≈16% of total body weight and covers a surface area of ≈2 m2.[1]
This review summarizes the emerging technologies on transdermal drug delivery, and transdermal diagnosis based on biomarker detection from sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) as well as bio-signal detection by wearable devices
It was shown that the combination of magainin and N-lauroyl sarcosine (NLS) in 50% ethanol increased human skin permeability by 47-fold, while NLS-ethanol only increased 15-fold.[22a]. Recently, several cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been proposed as novel transdermal penetration enhancers.[23]
Summary
The largest organ, accounts for ≈16% of total body weight and covers a surface area of ≈2 m2.[1]. As the outermost body covering layer, skin offers an accessible site for drug administration as well as for health signal monitoring.[8] Drugs delivered through the skin can be directed into systemic circulation, and locally onto underlying tissues such as subcutaneous adipose tissue, muscle, bones, joints, etc. Sweat renders a convenient source for non-invasive and continuous monitoring of biochemical signals Another information-rich bio-fluid present in the skin is the cutaneous interstitial fluid (ISF). Recent studies have shown that ISF has similar profiles of small molecules, metabolites, proteins, and RNAs as blood.[12] It contains biomarkers that are comparable to blood (eg, exosomes, memory T cells), and highly relevant for skin disorders (eg, melanoma).[13] This review summarizes the emerging technologies on transdermal drug delivery, and transdermal diagnosis based on biomarker detection from sweat and ISF as well as bio-signal detection by wearable devices
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