Abstract

1, including implantable sensors 2‐4 , minimally invasive skin microporation approaches involving laser or miniaturized lancets 5 and noninvasive technologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy 5 , transdermal permeation enhancers 6 or reverse iontophoresis 7,8 . However, none are used in routine clinical practice 5 . One of the fundamental problems in noninvasive transdermal diagnostics is obtaining sufficient quantities of analyte for detection. Ultrasound, particularly at low frequencies, enhances transdermal delivery of drugs (sonophoresis) 9‐11 . Here, we sought to determine whether such ultrasound facilitates the outward transport of analytes present in the interstitial fluid, thereby allowing noninvasive extraction of clinically useful analytes 12

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