Abstract
BackgroundSoybean (Glycine max L. Merril) crop is major source of edible oil and protein for human and animals besides its various industrial uses including biofuels. Phytoplasma induced floral bud distortion syndrome (FBD), also known as witches’ broom syndrome (WBS) has been one of the major biotic stresses adversely affecting its productivity. Transcriptomic approach can be used for knowledge discovery of this disease manifestation by morpho-physiological key pathways.ResultsWe report transcriptomic study using Illumina HiSeq NGS data of FBD in soybean, revealing 17,454 differentially expressed genes, 5561 transcription factors, 139 pathways and 176,029 genic region putative markers single sequence repeats, single nucleotide polymorphism and Insertion Deletion. Roles of PmbA, Zn-dependent protease, SAP family and auxin responsive system are described revealing mechanism of flower bud distortion having abnormalities in pollen, stigma development. Validation of 10 randomly selected genes was done by qPCR. Our findings describe the basic mechanism of FBD disease, right from sensing of phytoplasma infection by host plant triggering molecular signalling leading to mobilization of carbohydrate and protein, phyllody, abnormal pollen development, improved colonization of insect in host plants to spread the disease. Study reveals how phytoplasma hijacks metabolic machinery of soybean manifesting FBD.ConclusionsThis is the first report of transcriptomic signature of FBD or WBS disease of soybean revealing morphological and metabolic changes which attracts insect for spread of disease. All the genic region putative markers may be used as genomic resource for variety improvement and new agro-chemical development for disease control to enhance soybean productivity.
Highlights
This study aims to describe biochemical pathways along with genic region marker discovery (SSR, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and InDels) and prediction of Transcription Factor (TF) associate with floral bud distortion syndrome (FBD)
scanning electron microscope (SEM) of floral organ, pollen and anther were obtained to confirm the same (Fig. 2). They were further successfully confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based test by amplicon size as well as positive and negative control (Fig. 3)
A total of 156,054 and 198,931 low quality reads from both the samples, were removed and remaining high quality reads were used for transcriptome analysis
Summary
Merril) crop is major source of edible oil and protein for human and animals besides its various industrial uses including biofuels. Phytoplasma induced floral bud distortion syndrome (FBD), known as witches’ broom syndrome (WBS) has been one of the major biotic stresses adversely affecting its productivity. Merril) caters the global need of edible oil (25%) and protein concentrate (67%) in animal feeds for livestock, poultry and fish. It contributes in meat, milk, cheese, bread, and oil. The top five global soybean producers which contribute more than 92% are, USA, Brazil, Argentina, China and India [2] It is grown in four major continents covering more than 20 countries including India. Cytological examination of plant reproductive organs revealed distorted pollen grains in the symptomatic plants hampering pollination and fertilization [12]
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