Abstract
BackgroundPeriparturient cows release fatty acid reserves from adipose tissue (AT) through lipolysis in response to the negative energy balance induced by physiological changes related to parturition and the onset of lactation. However, lipolysis causes inflammation and structural remodeling in AT that in excess predisposes cows to disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the periparturient period on the transcriptomic profile of AT using NGS RNAseq.ResultsSubcutaneous AT samples were collected from Holstein cows (n = 12) at 11 ± 3.6 d before calving date (PreP) and at 6 ± 1d (PP1) and 13 ± 1.4d (PP2) after parturition. Differential expression analyses showed 1946 and 1524 DEG at PP1 and PP2, respectively, compared to PreP. Functional Enrichment Analysis revealed functions grouped in categories such as lipid metabolism, molecular transport, energy production, inflammation, and free radical scavenging to be affected by parturition and the onset of lactation (FDR < 0.05). Inflammation related genes such as TLR4 and IL6 were categorized as upstream lipolysis triggers. In contrast, FASN, ELOVL6, ACLS1, and THRSP were identified as upstream inhibitors of lipid synthesis. Complement (C3), CXCL2, and HMOX1 were defined as links between inflammatory pathways and those involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species.ConclusionsResults offer a comprehensive characterization of gene expression dynamics in periparturient AT, identify upstream regulators of AT function, and demonstrate complex interactions between lipid mobilization, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and redox signaling in the adipose organ.
Highlights
Periparturient cows release fatty acid reserves from adipose tissue (AT) through lipolysis in response to the negative energy balance induced by physiological changes related to parturition and the onset of lactation
Cows successfully adapt to negative energy balance (NEB) when the release of fatty acids (FA) from AT is limited to concentrations that can be fully metabolized for energy needs [4]
Parturition and the onset of lactation induce profound transcriptomic changes in genes with functions grouped by in silico analysis in categories such as lipid metabolism, molecular transport, energy production, inflammation, extracellular matrix structure, and free radical scavenging. These results offer a comprehensive characterization of gene expression dynamics in periparturient AT and demonstrate the close interactions between lipid mobilization, inflammation, and redox signaling in the adipose organ
Summary
Periparturient cows release fatty acid reserves from adipose tissue (AT) through lipolysis in response to the negative energy balance induced by physiological changes related to parturition and the onset of lactation. In addition to driving the release of FA and glycerol from adipocytes, AT lipolysis involves a remodeling process characterized by an inflammatory response with immune cell infiltration composed mainly of macrophages [6]. These mononuclear cells are the predominant immune cell type in AT of ruminants [7]. AT physiological adaptations to NEB during PPE are well characterized, the transcriptomic mechanisms that govern these changes are still poorly understood
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