Abstract
Callogenesis, the process during which explants derived from differentiated plant tissues are subjected to a trans-differentiation step characterized by the proliferation of a mass of cells, is fundamental to indirect organogenesis and the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Therefore, understanding how callogenesis takes place is helpful to plant tissue culture, as well as to plant biotechnology and bioprocess engineering. The common herbaceous plant stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a species producing cellulosic fibres (the bast fibres) and a whole array of phytochemicals for pharmacological, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical use. Thus, it is of interest as a potential multi-purpose plant. In this study, callogenesis in internode explants of a nettle fibre clone (clone 13) was studied using RNA-Seq to understand which gene ontologies predominate at different time points. Callogenesis was induced with the plant growth regulators α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) after having determined their optimal concentrations. The process was studied over a period of 34 days, a time point at which a well-visible callus mass developed on the explants. The bioinformatic analysis of the transcriptomic dataset revealed specific gene ontologies characterizing each of the four time points investigated (0, 1, 10 and 34 days). The results show that, while the advanced stage of callogenesis is characterized by the iron deficiency response triggered by the high levels of reactive oxygen species accumulated by the proliferating cell mass, the intermediate and early phases are dominated by ontologies related to the immune response and cell wall loosening, respectively.
Highlights
Differentiated plant cells retain the ability to trans-differentiate to callus [1], i.e., lose their committed fate and re-enter the cell cycle, proliferate to produce a mass of cells known as callus and, under specific conditions and phytohormonal stimuli, regenerate tissues and whole organs [2]
Roots appeared at the lowest concentrations of both napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyl aminopurine (BAP); at the highest concentration of NAA, calli appeared from day 11 onwards in darkness and photoperiod
The results obtained in this study provide a comprehensive view of the transcriptional changes accompanying callogenesis in nettle stem explants
Summary
Differentiated plant cells retain the ability to trans-differentiate to callus [1], i.e., lose their committed fate and re-enter the cell cycle, proliferate to produce a mass of cells known as callus and, under specific conditions and phytohormonal stimuli, regenerate tissues and whole organs [2]. This plasticity is at the base of many biotechnology-related applications, such as micropropagation, plant transformation and establishment of cell suspension cultures. Carbon nanosheets with interesting physico-chemical properties, namely, interconnectivity of pores, graphitization, surface area and pore width [13], were prepared from stems of stinging nettles, which diversifies the application opportunities of this weed
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