Abstract
Low temperature induces diapause in locusts. However, the physiological processes and initiation mechanism of diapause are not well understood. To understand the molecular basis of diapause, ‘omics’ analyses were performed to examine the differences between diapause and non-diapause eggs at both transcriptional and translational levels. Results indicated that a total of 62,241 mRNAs and 212 proteins were differentially expressed. Among them, 116 transcripts had concurrent transcription and translation profiles. Up-regulated genes related to diapause included glutathiones-S-transferase et al., and down-regulated genes including juvenile hormone esterase-like protein et al. KEGG analysis mapped 7,243 and 99 differentially expressed genes and proteins, to 83 and 25 pathways, respectively. Correlation enriched pathways indicated that there were nine identical pathways related to diapause. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes and proteins into three categories, and a higher proportion of genes related to metabolism was up-regulated than down-regulated. Furthermore, three up-regulated pathways were linked to cryoprotection. This study demonstrates the applicability of high-throughput omics tools to identify molecules linked to diapause in the locust. In addition, it reveals cellular metabolism in diapause eggs is more active than in non-diapause eggs, and up-regulated enzymes may play roles in cryoprotection and storing energy for diapause and post-diapause stages.
Highlights
Total spectra Unique spectra Matched protein Differentially expressed protein generations of migratory locusts, locusta migratoria L., according to historical records
The induction factors in obligative diapause insects and facultative diapause insects (e.g., L. migratoria) were analyzed, and a comparison of the results suggested that the entrance of the latter to diapause was determined by the photoperiod and incubation temperature[29]
For L. migratoria, photoperiod only influenced the development of ovary[7], which was not the most important factor influencing the diapause rate of locust eggs
Summary
Total spectra Unique spectra Matched protein Differentially expressed protein generations of migratory locusts, locusta migratoria L., according to historical records. The influence of temperature on locust diapause is unknown. Locust eggs are extremely sensitive to temperature before anatrepsis, which leads parts of the embryo to hatch upon exposure to high temperatures during this period[6,7,14]. When degree-day (DD) was higher than 150 heat units prior to anatrepsis, all of the eggs transformed into hatchlings. When DD was only 66 heat units, 64.3% of embryos entered diapause[11]. We reared locusts at high and low temperatures until adults oviposited, overwintered eggs were collected when DD reached 50 heat units[9,11]. Diapause eggs were exposed to low temperatures, and non-diapause eggs were maintained at high temperatures. We compared diapause and non-diapause eggs at the transcriptome (RNA-seq) and proteome (iTRAQ) levels[15,16] to enhance our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying diapause in an agriculturally important insect pest
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