Abstract
BackgroundSarcandra glabra is an evergreen and traditional Chinese herb with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Light is one of the most influential factor affecting the growth and quality of herbs. In recent times, the introduction of Light Emission Diode (LED) technology has been widely used for plants in greenhouse. However, the impact of such lights on plant growth and the regulatory mechanism of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds in S. glabra remain unclear.ResultsThe red LED light (RL) substantially increased the plant height and decreased the stem diameter and leaf area relative to the white LED light (WL), while the blue LED light (BL) significantly reduced the height and leaf area of S. glabra. According to transcriptomic profiling, 861, 378, 47, 10,033, 7917, and 6379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the groups of leaf tissue under BL (BY) vs. leaf tissue under RL (RY), BY vs. leaf tissue under WL (WY), RY vs. WY, root tissue under WL (WG) vs. WY, stem tissue under WL (WJ) vs. WG, and WJ vs. WY, respectively. We identified 46 genes encoding for almost all known enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, e.g., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and flavonol synthase (FLS). We found 53 genes encoding R2R3-MYB proteins and bHLH proteins, respectively, where several were related to flavonoids biosynthesis. A total of 454 metabolites were identified based on metabolomic profiling, of which 44, 87, and 296 compounds were differentially produced in WY vs. RY, WY vs. BY, and WY vs. WG. In BY there was a substantial reduction in the production of esculetin, caffeic acid, isofraxidin, and fraxidin, while the yields of quercitrin and kaempferol were significantly up-regulated. In RY, the contents of cryptochlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and kaempferol decreased significantly. Besides, in WG, the production of metabolites (e.g. chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and scopolin) declined, while their yields increased significantly (e.g. esculetin, fraxetin, isofraxidin, and fraxidin).ConclusionThese results provide further insight into the regulatory mechanism of accumulation patterns of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds in S. glabra under various light conditions, allowing optimum breeding conditions to be developed for this plant.
Highlights
Sarcandra glabra is an evergreen and traditional Chinese herb with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory, and anti-tumor effects
Effects of different light qualities on plant growth At the final harvest, the leaf area was significantly lower in the Red LED light (RL) and Blue LED light (BL) treatments relative to the White LED light (WL) treatment (Fig. 1a)
Due to the crucial enzymatic steps related to coumarins biosynthesis are still largely unknown in plants including S. glabra, this study investigated the current possible pathways and analyzed the genes encoding Feruloyl-CoA 6′-Hydroxylase (F6’H), Scopoletin 8hydroxylase (S8H), and scopoletin glucosyltransferase (SGTF) involved in the biosynthesis of scopoletin, fraxetin, and scopolin
Summary
Sarcandra glabra is an evergreen and traditional Chinese herb with anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China has reported that the whole dry plant can be used as medicine [3], which contains abundant bioactive phytochemicals that contribute to protecting the plant against abiotic or biotic stress [4], and confer anti-oxidant [5], anti-bacterial [6], anti-inflammatory [7], and anti-tumor [8] properties Previous studies of this species mainly focused on the isolation and extraction of its phytochemical components, which can be divided into six groups; organic acids [9, 10], flavonoids [9], coumarins [2], terpenoids [11], phenolic acids [2, 5], and polysaccharides [1]. Greenhouse cultivation is considered as an effective agricultural method for growing large quantities of herbs that help to ensure the product quality [14]
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