Transcriptomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals molecular features of disease progression and tumor immune biology

K Okrah,Z Mounir,M R Lackner,G Cheng,J Fridlyand,S J Turley,C Cummings,M C Wagle,A Dey,S M Huang,B Liu,L Amler,C Sun,G Hampton,H Koeppen,P S Hegde,M T Chang,S Tarighat,T Sumiyoshi

doi:10.1038/s41698-018-0068-8

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the context of chronic inflammatory liver disease and has an extremely poor prognosis. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may contribute to therapeutic failure in metastatic HCC. Here, we identified unique molecular signatures pertaining to HCC disease progression and tumor immunity by analyzing genome-wide RNA-Seq data derived from HCC patient tumors and non-tumor cirrhotic tissues. Unsupervised clustering of gene expression data revealed a gradual suppression of local tumor immunity that coincided with disease progression, indicating an increasingly immunosuppressive tumor environment during HCC disease advancement. IHC examination of the spatial distribution of CD8+ T cells in tumors revealed distinct intra- and peri-tumoral subsets. Differential gene expression analysis revealed an 85-gene signature that was significantly upregulated in the peri-tumoral CD8+ T cell-excluded tumors. Notably, this signature was highly enriched with components of underlying extracellular matrix, fibrosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further analysis condensed this signature to a core set of 23 genes that are associated with CD8+ T cell localization, and were prospectively validated in an independent cohort of HCC specimens. These findings suggest a potential association between elevated fibrosis, possibly modulated by TGF-β, PDGFR, SHH or Notch pathway, and the T cell-excluded immune phenotype. Indeed, targeting fibrosis using a TGF-β neutralizing antibody in the STAM™ model of murine HCC, we found that ameliorating the fibrotic environment could facilitate redistribution of CD8+ lymphocytes into tumors. Our results provide a strong rationale for utilizing immunotherapies in HCC earlier during treatment, potentially in combination with anti-fibrotic therapies.

Highlights

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and has an extremely poor prognosis.[1]
By analyzing whole transcriptome RNA-Seq data originating from clinically graded HCC specimens and cirrhotic tissues in an unbiased manner, we uncovered a disease continuum manifested by gene expression signatures that correspond to disease progression and declining tumor immune contexture
Our analysis identified three distinct gene sets with expression levels directionally associated with HCC disease stages

Summary

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of death from cancer worldwide and has an extremely poor prognosis.[1]. Given the indolent nature of HCC, the intimate interactions between the tumor environment and malignant cells may be of significance during disease progression. Close associations between fibrosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been described previously.[20] the contribution of EMT to the maintenance of suppressive tumor immune environment is well documented.[21,22] The liver plays a major role in controlling metabolism, detoxification, and nutrient storage, all of which contribute to a somewhat immunosuppressed environment. Boosting HCC tumor immunity through modulation of the immediate immune contexture might be an effective way to combat this disease.[23,24,25]

Methods

Results

Conclusion