Abstract
The Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) is an unusual, scale-covered, toothless mammal that specializes in myrmecophagy. Due to their threatened status and continuing decline in the wild, concerted efforts have been made to conserve and rescue this species in captivity in China. Maintaining this species in captivity is a significant challenge, partly because little is known of the molecular mechanisms of its digestive system. Here, the first large-scale sequencing analyses of the salivary gland, liver and small intestine transcriptomes of an adult M. javanica genome were performed, and the results were compared with published liver transcriptome profiles for a pregnant M. javanica female. A total of 24,452 transcripts were obtained, among which 22,538 were annotated on the basis of seven databases. In addition, 3,373 new genes were predicted, of which 1,459 were annotated. Several pathways were found to be involved in myrmecophagy, including olfactory transduction, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism pathways. Many of the annotated transcripts were involved in digestive functions: 997 transcripts were related to sensory perception, 129 were related to digestive enzyme gene families, and 199 were related to molecular transporters. One transcript for an acidic mammalian chitinase was found in the annotated data, and this might be closely related to the unique digestive function of pangolins. These pathways and transcripts are involved in specialization processes related to myrmecophagy (a form of insectivory) and carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestive pathways, probably reflecting adaptations to myrmecophagy. Our study is the first to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying myrmecophagy in M. javanica, and we hope that our results may play a role in the conservation of this species.
Highlights
Pangolins, known as scaly anteaters, are eutherians and placental mammals
All high-quality sequencing reads from M. javanica are available on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)
A total of 3,373 new genes were discovered in the transcriptomic datasets, of which 1,459 were annotated, and 75 new genes were involved in metabolism
Summary
Known as scaly anteaters, are eutherians and placental mammals. Eight pangolin species are recognized: four from Asia, Manis. javanica, M. pentadactyla, M. crassicaudata, and M. culionensis, and four from Africa, Phataginus. tricuspis, P. tetradactyla, Smutsia. gigantea, and S. temminckii, the genus Manis to the four Asian species while assigning the two African tree pangolin species to the genus Phataginus and the two terrestrial African pangolin species to the genus Smutsia (Du Toit Z et al, 2014; Gaudin, Emry & Wible, 2009). Individual adult pangolins have been estimated to consume more than 70 million insects annually and pangolins provide an important regulatory function in controlling both ants and termites (Hua et al, 2015; Pietersen et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2007). In addition to their ecological value, pangolins are extremely economically important animals. Pangolins are the most poached and trafficked mammal in the world because of the high demand for their meat, which is considered a delicacy, and their scales are used in traditional medicine (Trageser et al, 2017)
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