Abstract
Tipulomorpha has long been a problematic taxon in terms of familial composition, phylogenetic relationships among families and position relative to other ‘lower’ Diptera. Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing provides a powerful basis for phylogenetic studies. We performed de novo transcriptome sequencing to produce the first transcriptome datasets representing the families Pediciidae, Limoniidae and Cylindrotomidae using high-throughput sequencing technologies. We assembled cDNA libraries for Pedicia vetusta (Alexander) (Pediciidae), Rhipidia sejuga Zhang, Li and Yang (Limoniidae) and Liogma simplicicornis Alexander (Cylindrotomidae). Using the Illumina RNA-Seq method, we obtained 28,252, 44,152 and 44,281 unigenes, from the three respective species. Based on sequence similarity searches, 12,475 (44.16%), 20,334 (46.05%) and 17,478 (39.47%) genes were identified. Analysis of genes highly conserved at the amino acid sequence level revealed there were 1,709 single-copy orthologs genes across the analyzed species. Phylogenetic trees constructed using maximum likelihood (ML) based on the 1,709 single-copy orthologs genes indicated that the relationship between the four major infraorders of lower Diptera was: Culicomorpha + (Tipulomorpha + (Psychodomorpha + (Bibionomorpha + Brachycera))). Trichoceridae belongs within Tipulomorpha as the sister-group of Tipuloidea. Highly supported relationships within the Tipuloidea are Pediciidae + (Limoniidae + (Cylindrotomidae + Tipulidae)). Four-cluster likelihood mapping was used to study potential incongruent signals supporting other topologies, however, results were congruent with the ML tree.
Highlights
The infraorder Tipulomorpha is one of the most speciose groups of flies [1,2]
23,026,828 (Q30 96.69%), 24,843,179 (Q30 96.66%)and 28,349,912 (Q30 93.10%) clean reads were generated for P. vetusta, R. sejuga and L. simplicicornis respectively
In L. simplicicornis, we found 44,281 unigenes
Summary
The infraorder Tipulomorpha is one of the most speciose groups of flies [1,2]. According to Hennig, this infraorder included four families, Trichoceridae, Tipulidae, Cylindrotomidae and Limoniidae, of which Trichoceridae was considered the sister-group of the remaining Tipulomorpha [3,4,5]. This arrangement of Tipulomorpha, containing both Trichoceridae and Tipuloidea Transcriptomes of Tipuloidea and transcriptome-based phylogeny of the Tipulomorpha
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