Abstract
BackgroundVespa velutina, one of the most aggressive and fearful wasps in China, can cause grievous allergies and toxic reactions, leading to organ failure and even death. However, there is little evidence on molecular data regarding wasps. Therefore, we aimed to provide an insight into the transcripts expressed in the venom gland of wasps.ResultsIn our study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the venom glands of four wasp species. First, the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase submit I (COI) barcoding and the neighbor joining (NJ) tree were used to validate the unique identity and lineage of each individual species. After sequencing, a total of 127,630 contigs were generated and 98,716 coding domain sequences (CDS) were predicted from the four species. The Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of unigenes revealed their functional role in important biological processes (BP), molecular functions (MF) and cellular components (CC). In addition, c-type, p1 type, p2 type and p3 type were the most commonly found simple sequence repeat (SSR) types in the four species of wasp transcriptome. There were differences in the distribution of SSRs and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the four wasp species.ConclusionsThe transcriptome data generated in this study will improve our understanding on bioactive proteins and venom-related genes in wasp venom gland and provide a basis for pests control and other applications. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the identification of large-scale genomic data and the discovery of microsatellite markers from V. tropica ducalis and V. analis fabricius.
Highlights
Vespa velutina, one of the most aggressive and fearful wasps in China, can cause grievous allergies and toxic reactions, leading to organ failure and even death
The sequencing raw reads were preprocessed to obtain quality reads and subsequently processed to obtain assembled contigs and unigene clusters using the Trinity de novo assembler. This is the first study on the identification of large-scale genomic data and the discovery of microsatellite markers from V. tropica ducalis and V. analis fabricius
In the Tox-Prot database, the species of the annotated homologous sequences of V. velutina, V. analis fabricius, V. tropica ducalis and V. mandarinia smith were mainly Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, Bungarus fasciatus, Bombus ignitus and Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani (Fig. 2d). These results indicated that the unigenes of the four different wasps (V. velutina, V. analis fabricius, V. tropica ducalis and V. mandarinia smith) were annotated in the nr, Swiss-Prot and Tox-Prot database to obtain the similar species information
Summary
One of the most aggressive and fearful wasps in China, can cause grievous allergies and toxic reactions, leading to organ failure and even death. The use of wasps to control pests can reduce pesticides-induced environmental pollution, with good economic and ecological benefits. Due to their aggressiveness and activeness, wasps can cause serious damage to farm industries, especially apiaries, and human health, in allergic people, and can occasionally even be deadly [12]. V. velutina, one of the most aggressive and fearful wasps in China, can cause grievous allergies and toxic reactions, leading to organ failure and even death [14]. Developing antivenin-like anti-bee venom has a good application prospect
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