Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are two of the most devastating cultivated tomato viruses, causing significant crop losses worldwide. As the vector of both TYLCV and ToCV, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) is mainly responsible for the rapid spread and mixed infection of TYLCV and ToCV in China. However, little is known concerning B. tabaci MED's molecular response to TYLCV and ToCV infection or their co-infection. We determined the transcriptional responses of the whitefly MED to TYLCV infection, ToCV infection, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infection using Illumina sequencing. In all, 78, 221, and 60 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in TYLCV-infected, ToCV-infected, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infected whiteflies, respectively, compared with non-viruliferous whiteflies. Differentially regulated genes were sorted according to their roles in detoxification, stress response, immune response, transport, primary metabolism, cell function, and total fitness in whiteflies after feeding on virus-infected tomato plants. Alterations in the transcription profiles of genes involved in transport and energy metabolism occurred between TYLCV&ToCV co-infection and single infection with TYLCV or ToCV; this may be associated with the adaptation of the insect vector upon co-infection of the two viruses. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses demonstrated that the single infection with TYLCV or ToCV and the TYLCV&ToCV co-infection could perturb metabolic processes and metabolic pathways. Taken together, our results provide basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of the response to TYLCV, ToCV single infection, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infection in B. tabaci MED, which will add to our knowledge of the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors.
Highlights
More than 75% of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, most of which belong to hemipteran families, such as whiteflies, aphids, and planthoppers (Hogenhout et al, 2008)
The lower infection rates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) (93.33%) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (80%) were observed in the whiteflies feeding on TYLCV&ToCV co-infection plants (Supplementary Figure S1)
We found a total of 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding detoxification enzymes in ToCV-infected whiteflies, including five P450s, a downregulated carboxylesterase (CarE), four downregulated UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and two upregulated ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) (Table 2)
Summary
More than 75% of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, most of which belong to hemipteran (suborder Homoptera) families, such as whiteflies, aphids, and planthoppers (Hogenhout et al, 2008). The whitefly MED was first detected in China in 2003 (Chu et al, 2006), and has gradually displaced MEAM1 and become the dominant cryptic species of B. tabaci in China (Pan et al, 2011; Rao et al, 2011). The whitefly is an effective vector of numerous plant viruses, the majority of which are Begomoviruses. Several viruses belonging to other genera, including Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, Torradovirus, and Carlavirus, can be transmitted by whiteflies (Navas-Castillo et al, 2011; Polston et al, 2014)
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