Abstract
BackgroundCoat color determines both appearance and nutrient quality of peanut. White seed coat in peanut can enhance the processing efficiency and quality of peanut oil. An integrative analysis of transcriptomes, metabolomes and histocytology was performed on wsc mutant and its wild type to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying color pigmentation.ResultMetabolomes revealed flavonoids were redirected in wsc, while multi-omics analyses of wsc mutant seeds and testae uncovered WSC influenced the flavonoids biosynthesis in testa as well as suberin formation, glycolysis, the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism. The mutation also enhanced plant hormones synthesis and signaling. Further, co-expression analysis showed that FLS genes co-expressed with MBW complex member genes. Combining tissue expression patterns, genetic analyses, and the annotation of common DEGs for these three stages revealed that three testa specific expressed candidate genes, Araip.M7RY3, Aradu.R8PMF and Araip.MHR6K were likely responsible for the white testa phenotype. WSC might be regulated expression competition between FLS and DFR by controlling hormone synthesis and signaling as well as the MBW complex.ConclusionsThe results of this study therefore provide both candidate genes and novel approaches that can be applied to improve peanut with desirable seed coat color and flavonoid quality.
Highlights
Coat color determines both appearance and nutrient quality of peanut
(See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Flavonoids redirected in the testa of wsc. a Testa color differed between wsc and Wild type (WT) during development. b Staining of phenolic compounds during seed coat development in wsc and WT. c Heatmap of total flavonoids and each component contents of total flavonoids between wsc and WT. d Heatmap of anthocyanins contents between wsc and WT. e Heatmap of proanthocyanidins contents between wsc and WT. f Heatmap of flavonols contents between wsc and WT. g Heatmap of isoflavonols contents between wsc and WT. h Heatmap of flavonolignans contents between wsc and WT. i Heatmap of flavones contents between wsc and WT. j Heatmap of flavone C glycoside contents between wsc and WT. k Heatmap of flavanone contents between wsc and WT
It is possible that the AUX signal pathway alongside BR and JA synthesis and signaling pathways cooperatively interact to modulate flavonoid synthesis and carbon metabolic pathway-related genes to influence primary metabolism and redirect the accumulation of flavonoids
Summary
Coat color determines both appearance and nutrient quality of peanut. White seed coat in peanut can enhance the processing efficiency and quality of peanut oil. Flavonoids are plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites that share a differentially modified but common three ring chemical structure (C6-C3-C6). The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway has been clearly elucidated in model plants; it is well-known that the basic C6-C3-C6 skeleton of these compounds begins with one 4-coumaroyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA, catalyzed sequentially by CHS, CHI, F3H and F3’H or F3’5’H to produce dihydroflavonols (dihydroquercetin, dihydromyricetin and dihydrokaempferol). The dihydroflavonols are converted to anthocyanidins which are colored but unstable pigments by two reactions catalyzed by DFR and LDOX. DFR catalyzes dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol, and dihydromyricetin to leucocyanidin, leucopelargonidin, and leucodelphinidin, respectively, while LDOX converts the oxidation of leucocyanidin, leucopelargonidin, and leucodelphinidin to cyanidin, pelargonidin, and delphinidin, respectively. POD and PPOD possibly catalyzed the formation of PA polymers via the catechin or epicatechin with leucocyanidin molecules in vacuolar compartments
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