Abstract
Low-frequency noise has become a marine pollutant that cannot be ignored, but most studies have focused on the behavioral and physiological effects on marine vertebrates, with few studies in marine mollusks. Therefore, sea slug was used in this study to investigate the effect of low-frequency noise on its physiological aspects. This experiment was designed with different low-frequency noise (0, 100, 300, and 500 Hz) and different stimulation times (0, 6, and 12 h) to measure superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) activities in hemolymph and transcriptomics in the control (C) and 6 and 12 h groups (L1 and L2) with 500 Hz noise. The results showed a positive correlation between antioxidant enzyme activity and low-frequency noise frequency (P < 0.05) and no correlation with time (P > 0.05). In central nervous system (CNS) transcriptomics, 2,460 and 3,268 genes had upregulated expression and 2,765 and 2,783 genes had downregulated expression in the L1 and L2 groups, respectively, compared to the C group. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, low-frequency noise mainly affects signaling pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the FoxO signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, apoptosis immune-related pathways, and energy metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, as well as neurological pathways such as GABAergic synapses, the synaptic vesicle cycle, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological pathways. This study would provide valuable reference information on the potential response of mollusks to low-frequency noise stress.
Highlights
Since the 21st century, noise from marine activities such as ships, port construction, and wind farms has continued to grow and has been a non-negligible source of pollution in the ocean (Dolman et al, 2011; Simmonds et al, 2014)
Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were increased in the blood of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles exposed to offshore culture noise
The changes in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, and MDA contents in the L group were positively correlated with the frequency of low-frequency noise. These results indicated that the higher the frequency is, the more reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in vivo, the stronger the oxidative stress response, and the stronger the stress response of sea slug to low-frequency noise
Summary
Since the 21st century, noise from marine activities such as ships, port construction, and wind farms has continued to grow and has been a non-negligible source of pollution in the ocean (Dolman et al, 2011; Simmonds et al, 2014). Elucidation of the biological effects of low-frequency noise on marine animals can help us more comprehensively understand marine noise pollution. Studies have shown that low-frequency noise caused physiological damage to auditory organs, auditory masking, reduced metabolism and immunity, and restricted reproduction and development in marine animals, resulting in significant effects on communication, feeding, escape from enemies, and population distribution (De Soto et al, 2013; Solé et al, 2013; Wale et al, 2013; Ruiz-Ruiz et al, 2019). Marine low-frequency noise has received attention from researchers, but most studies have focused on vertebrates such as fish and marine mammals, and few have focused on invertebrates (de Soto, 2016). It is important to evaluate the impacts of low-frequency noise on these organisms and the ecosystems in which they live
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