Abstract
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; LOLMU) is one of the most troublesome weeds in temperate regions in the world. This weed species interfere with wheat, corn, rye, and oat, causing significant crop yield losses. This species has evolved glyphosate resistance, making it difficult to control. The mechanisms of glyphosate resistance are still unknown, and an understanding thereof will favor the development of new strategies of management. The present study is the first transcriptome study in LOLMU using glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes, aiming to identify and to provide a list of the candidate target genes related to glyphosate resistance mechanism. The transcriptome was assembled de novo, producing 87,433 contigs with an N50 of 740 bp and an average length of 575 bp. There were 92 and 54 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively, in the resistant biotype, while a total of 1683 were differentially expressed in the sensitive biotype in response to glyphosate treatment. We selected 14 highly induced genes and seven with repressed expression in the resistant biotype in response to glyphosate. Of these genes, a significant proportion were related to the plasma membrane, indicating that there is a barrier making it difficult for glyphosate to enter the cell.
Highlights
Weeds are the major problem in agricultural production worldwide because they cause high crop yield losses and economic damage
The GR50 was 2242 and 248 g ae ha−1 for the GR and GS biotypes, respectively, and the resistance factor was 9 (GR50 GR/GR50 GS). These results confirmed that the GR is resistant to glyphosate and that the GS is sensitive to that herbicide (Figure 1)
The present study is the first report of transcriptomic data for Lolium multiflorum, which will provide a large quantity of high-quality data for further molecular investigations in this species, since there is no genome available
Summary
Weeds are the major problem in agricultural production worldwide because they cause high crop yield losses and economic damage. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.; LOLMU) is the most common annual weed found in fields in temperate climates [1,2]. LOLMU is a C3 annual grass that reproduces using seeds and is self-incompatible, allowing genetic diversity to evolve and adapt to a wide range of environments [2,3,4]. This grass grows vigorously, is highly competitive with crops, and generally is cultivated as pasture, favoring its high density [5,6]. LOLMU interferes in wheat and corn, reducing crop yields by 60% and 48%, respectively [4,7].
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