Abstract
In recent years, Sporosarcina pasteurii (S. pasteurii) has become one of the most popular bacteria in microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). Various applications have been developed based on the efficient urease that can induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate. However, the metabolic mechanism related to biomineralization of S. pasteurii has not been clearly elucidated. The process of bacterial culture and biomineralization consumes a large amount of urea or ammonium salts, which are usually used as agricultural fertilizers, not to mention probable environmental pollutions caused by the excessive use of these raw materials. Therefore, it is urgent to reveal the mechanism of nitrogen utilization and metabolism of S. pasteurii. In this paper, we compared the growth and gene expression of S. pasteurii under three different culture conditions through transcriptome analyses. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that both ammonium and urea were direct nitrogen sources of S. pasteurii, and the bacteria could not grow normally in the absence of ammonium or urea. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one to reveal the nitrogen utilization mechanism of S. pasteurii through transcriptome methods. Furthermore, the presence of ammonium might promote the synthesis of intracellular ATP and enhance the motility of the bacteria. There should be an ATP synthesis mechanism associated with urea hydrolysis catalyzed by urease in S. pasteurii.
Highlights
Induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) refers to the formation of calcium carbonate precipitation by microbial metabolic activities including urea decomposition, photosynthesis, denitrification, ammonification, sulfate reduction, and methane oxidation [1, 2]
S. pasteurii can produce urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbonate ions and ammonium, and the resulting carbonate ions can react with extracellular calcium ions to form calcium carbonate precipitation [1, 13]
To study the gene expression differences between S. pasteurii growth in different media groups and reveal metabolic pathways associated with urease expression, we collected nine bacterial fluid samples and constructed complementary DNA libraries
Summary
Induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) refers to the formation of calcium carbonate precipitation by microbial metabolic activities including urea decomposition, photosynthesis, denitrification, ammonification, sulfate reduction, and methane oxidation [1, 2]. S. pasteurii can produce urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbonate ions and ammonium, and the resulting carbonate ions can react with extracellular calcium ions to form calcium carbonate precipitation [1, 13]. This mineralization has been used in a variety of applications, it still has some limitations, including its adaptability to different environmental conditions, uncontrolled bacterial growth or urease activity, instability in largescale engineering, and the requirement of higher costs than chemical and conventional methods
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