Abstract

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) is one of the most prominent xenobiotic metabolic enzymes. It can catalyze the conversion of heteroatom-containing chemicals to polar, readily excretable metabolites and is considered an efficient detoxification system for xenobiotics. Bivalves can accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by dinoflagellates, especially during outbreaks of harmful algal blooms. Exploring FMO genes in bivalves may contribute to a better understanding of the adaptation of these species and the mechanisms of PSTs bioavailability. Therefore, through genome screening, we examined the expansion of FMO genes in two scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis and Chlamys farreri) and found a new subfamily (FMO_like). Our expression analyses revealed that, in both scallops, members of the FMO_N-oxide and FMO_like subfamilies were mainly expressed from the D-stage larvae to juveniles, whereas the FMO_GS-OX subfamily genes were mainly expressed at and prior to the trochophore stage. In adult organs, higher expressions of FMOs were observed in the kidney and hepatopancreas than in other organs. After exposure to PST-producing algae, expression changes in FMOs occurred in hepatopancreas and kidney of both scallops, with more members being up-regulated in hepatopancreas than in kidney for Alexandrium catenella exposure, while more up-regulated FMOs were found in kidney than in hepatopancreas of C. farreri exposed to A. minutum. Our findings suggest the adaptive functional diversity of scallop FMO genes in coping with the toxicity of PST-producing algae.

Highlights

  • Organisms have developed extensive molecular mechanisms to protect against the toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds, producing a variety of enzymes and proteins in response to xenobiotic exposure (Li et al, 2007; Raghunath et al, 2018)

  • Through genome and transcriptome mining, 15 and 13 Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) genes were identified in P. yessoensis and C. farreri, respectively

  • Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the FMOs were classified into three subfamilies (Figure 1), including FMO_N-oxide, FMO_GS-OX, and FMO_like, wherein the gene numbers of these subfamilies were 8, 4, and 3 in P. yessoensis, and 7, 3, and 3 in C. farreri, respectively (Table 1)

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Organisms have developed extensive molecular mechanisms to protect against the toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds, producing a variety of enzymes and proteins in response to xenobiotic exposure (Li et al, 2007; Raghunath et al, 2018). Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), a prominent family of monooxygenases in eukaryotes (Naumann et al, 2002; Huijbers et al, 2014), is a major contributor to oxidative xenobiotic metabolism and is as important as cytochrome P450 (CYP450) (Manikandan and Nagini, 2018). FMO homologs have been found in a range of organisms, including bacteria (Chen et al, 2011), fungi (Suh et al, 2000), marine invertebrates (Boutet et al, 2004), insects (Naumann et al, 2002; Sehlmeyer et al, 2010), and teleost fish (Peters et al, 1995; Larsen and Schlenk, 2001). There are 29 FMO genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (Schlaich, 2007)

Methods
Results
Conclusion
Full Text
Paper version not known

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call

Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.