Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress the activity of various types of immune cells and play key roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance and in the regulation of immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Treg cells consist of heterogeneous subsets that have distinct phenotypes and functions. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve-like thymus-derived Treg cells, which circulate in secondary lymphoid organs, can differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells and migrate to and control immune homeostasis of peripheral tissues. eTreg cells are heterogeneous in terms of their ability to localize to specific tissues and suppress particular types of immune responses. Differentiation and function of diverse eTreg subsets are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that are activated by antigens and cytokines. In this article, we review the current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of differentiation and function of eTreg cells.
Highlights
Immune suppressive CD4 T cells expressing the transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3(Foxp3), known as regulatory T (Treg) cells, play an essential role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis [1]
BCL6, or GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) mainly differentiate from Thymus-derived Treg (tTreg) cells, while RORγt Treg cells cells [45,46,47].+ These tissue-specific Treg subsets express different functional molecules and play different naïve CD4 T cells [34,35,36,43,44] and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) Treg cells likely differentiate from both effector Treg (eTreg) and peripherally derived Treg (pTreg) roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis by suppressing specific immune responses and regulating lipid cells [45,46,47]
interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is thought to interact with AP-1 transcription factors, such as basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF) and JunB [82], which contain an alpha-helical basic region leucine zipper domain, thereby regulating expression of genes containing AP-1/IRF4 composite elements (AICEs) [83]
Summary
Immune suppressive CD4 T cells expressing the transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3. BCL6, or GATA3 mainly differentiate from tTreg cells, while RORγt Treg cells cells [45,46,47].+ These tissue-specific Treg subsets express different functional molecules and play different naïve CD4 T cells [34,35,36,43,44] and T-bet Treg cells likely differentiate from both eTreg and pTreg roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis by suppressing specific immune responses and regulating lipid cells [45,46,47].
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