Abstract
BackgroundPhytohormones are key regulators of plant growth, development, and signalling networks involved in responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcriptional reference maps of hormone responses have been reported for several model plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Brachypodium distachyon. However, because of species differences and the complexity of the wheat genome, these transcriptome data are not appropriate reference material for wheat studies.ResultsWe comprehensively analysed the transcriptomic responses in wheat spikes to seven phytohormones, including indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), cytokinin (CK), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA). A total of 3386 genes were differentially expressed at 24 h after the hormone treatments. Furthermore, 22.7% of these genes exhibited overlapping transcriptional responses for at least two hormones, implying there is crosstalk among phytohormones. We subsequently identified genes with expression levels that were significantly and differentially induced by a specific phytohormone (i.e., hormone-specific responses). The data for these hormone-responsive genes were then compared with the transcriptome data for wheat spikes exposed to biotic (Fusarium head blight) and abiotic (water deficit) stresses.ConclusionOur data were used to develop a transcriptional reference map of hormone responses in wheat spikes.
Highlights
Phytohormones are key regulators of plant growth, development, and signalling networks involved in responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses
The expression levels of 40, 4, 1038, 71, 42, and 262 genes were uniquely upregulated by indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ET, trans-zeatin, and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), respectively, whereas the expression levels of 135, 13, 654, 45, 2, and 312 genes were uniquely downregulated by IAA, GA, ABA, ET, trans-zeatin, and MeJA, respectively (Fig. 1c)
ABA We identified 1138 Differentially expressed gene (DEG) as ABA-responsive genes, and 93.06% (1059/1138) of these genes were expressed after fungal stress and ABA treatments (Fig. 4c and d; Additional file 1: Table S3)
Summary
Phytohormones are key regulators of plant growth, development, and signalling networks involved in responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Common wheat is a hexaploid species (2n = 6x = 42), with a large genome comprising 16 gigabases [1]. The complexity of the wheat genome has Phytohormones are key molecules for regulating plant growth, development, and signalling networks involved in responses to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses [2,3,4]. They function as part of a complex network that finely regulates gene expression in response to environmental cues. The global wheat yield has substantially increased since the 1960s largely because of the Green Revolution
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