Abstract
A blight disease of Flammulina velutipes was identified with symptoms of growth cessation of young fruiting bodies, short stipe, and brown spots on the pileus. The pathogenic bacteria were identified as Arthrobacter arilaitensis and Pseudomonas yamanorum by Koch’s postulate, gram staining, morphological and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analyses. Either of the pathogenic bacteria or both of them can cause the same symptoms. Transcriptome changes in blighted F. velutipes were investigated between diseased and normal samples. Compared to the control group, 1,099 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapping in the bacteria-infected groups. The DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and tyrosine metabolism. Based on weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), the module most correlated to the pathogen-treated F. velutipes samples and candidate hub genes in the co-regulatory network were identified. Furthermore, a potential diseased mechanism involved in cell wall non-extension, phenolic substrate oxidation, and stress defense response was proposed based on the up-regulation of differentially expressed genes encoding chitin deacetylase, tyrosinase, cytochrome P450, MFS transporter, and clavaminate synthase-like protein. This study provides insights into the underlying reactions of young fruiting body of F. velutipes suffering from blight disease and facilitates the understanding of the pathogenic procedure of bacteriosis in edible mushrooms.
Highlights
Flammulina velutipes, known as winter mushroom or golden needle mushroom, has a delicious taste and high nutrient values
Black rot disease caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, brown rot disease caused by Ewingella americana, yellow sticky disease caused by Cedecea neteri, pink disease caused by Erwinia persicin, tumor disease caused by Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense have resulted in serious losses in F. velutipes production and quality, or even threatened human food safety (Han et al, 2012; Wu et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2018; Yan et al, 2019a,b)
In the Biological Process (BP) section, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the basic metabolism process such as transmembrane transport, carbohydrate metabolic process, oxidation–reduction process, and polysaccharide catabolic process
Summary
Flammulina velutipes, known as winter mushroom or golden needle mushroom, has a delicious taste and high nutrient values. It is famous for its abundant content of compounds such as lysine, arginine, and zinc, which are beneficial to children’s intelligence development (Sharma et al, 2009). Diseases on fruiting body caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses greatly limited the development of F. velutipes industry. Fungal Response to Pathogenic Bacteria discolored disease caused by F. velutipes browning virus (FvBV) were occasionally reported (Kim et al, 1999; Magae and Sunagawa, 2010; Zhang and Tang, 2014). Bacteria should be mainly responsible for fruiting body diseases of F. velutipes. Researches on disease-causing factors and disease-caused changes on needle mushroom are imperative
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